OSI - Open System Integration Model

 






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Routing and Switching

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 Switch: Is a layer 2 device The switch keeps a table called media access control addresses. It used this to determine whic port to send the data  A switch in networking is a device that connects multiple devices (like computers, printers, servers) within a local area network (LAN) and enables them to communicate efficiently. Key Functions of a Switch: Data Forwarding : It receives data packets and forwards them only to the device for which the data is intended (based on MAC addresses). MAC Address Learning : It keeps a table of MAC addresses and the port they are connected to, so it knows where to send data. Full Duplex Communication : Allows simultaneous sending and receiving of data between devices, reducing collisions and improving performance. Segmentation : It segments a network into separate collision domains, improving overall network efficiency. Types of Switches: Unmanaged Switch : Plug-and-play, no configuration required. Used in small or home n...
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NAT : Network Address Translation

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 -- IPV4 has how many addresses ~4.29 billion unique IP addresses To be precise: 2³² = 4,294,967,296 addresses And we are at the verge of exhausting that number. NAT is the answer to this problem.,  Now the Router is performing NAT functions as well.  This will change the source address to the public IP address of the router  NAT swaps the source, and destination addresses so that we can then use the public internet , It does not always happens on the router level sometimes it happens in the Proxy server 
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